Agriculture+and+the+Economy-Umayyad

BACK = Agriculture and the Economy = (Khouri 32-39) (Gordon 43-60) ** Gordon, Matthew. __Rise of Islam__. Illustrated. Greenwood Publishing Group, 2005. **
 * "Umayyad desert castles" were actually integrated agricultural complexes
 * water systems and agricultural fields in almost every one
 * Inherited a well functioning, long established irrigation system from Sasanids
 * Abd al-Malik introduced new coinage
 * replacing Byzantine and Sasanid based currency
 * Different coinage systems were used from province to province
 * new coins featured all Arabic characters and banned all figural representation
 * new coinage was good step towards centralization of imperial economy
 * Khouri, Rami G.. "Enigmas in Stone." __Saudi Aramco World__ September/October 1990: 32-39. **