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Home Research Notes =  Climate and Geographical Factors   =  ·   The weather was Temperate throughout the country.

 ·   Warm summers and cold winters.   ·   But prolonged periods of frost or snow are rare.  ·   Rain falls throughout the year.   ·   The average January temperature 3°C.

 ·   In July it is 22°C.   ·  <span style="font-size: 14pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-fareast-language: EN-CA; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman';"> Extremes commonly reach -10°C in winter. <span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-fareast-language: EN-CA; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman';"> <span style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-language: EN-CA; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"> ·  <span style="font-size: 14pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-fareast-language: EN-CA; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman';"> 35°C in the summer months. =  Events and Leaders   = <span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"> ·  <span style="font-size: 14pt; color: black; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">1000 BC, the language of the Germanic tribes had evolved into Proto- Germanic. Some of the Germanic tribes stayed in Scandinavia and northern Germany. Others settled to the east and west. The Proto- Germanic language evolved more, into 11 Germanic languages. <span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"> ·   600 BC, When the Romans arrived in the Netherlands, it had been settled by Germanic tribes. The the Tubanti, the Canninefates, and the Frisians, had arrived around 600 BC. Some Celtic tribes settled the South, the Eburones and the Menapii. The Germanians settled south of the Rhine River at the beginning of the Roman settlement. Thus, forming the Germanic tribe of the Batavians and the Toxandri <span style="font-size: 10pt; color: black; line-height: 115%; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif';">. <span style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"> ·  <span style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: 'Calibri','sans-serif'; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">In <span style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: 'Calibri','sans-serif'; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-fareast-theme-font: major-fareast; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">55 BC <span style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: 'Calibri','sans-serif'; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;"> Julius Caesar was preparing for an invasion of <span style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: 'Calibri','sans-serif'; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-fareast-theme-font: major-fareast; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">Britain <span style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: 'Calibri','sans-serif'; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">, when several Germanic tribes, crossed the Rhine river. Caesar was concerned that fighting might break out in the region and draw troops away from his planned invasion. He met with ambassadors from the Germanic tribe and offered them land with. However, Caesar soon became worried that the tribes were delaying until their cavalry could return. <span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"> ·   When Julius Caesar built a bridge across the Rhine in the summer of 55 BC, he succeeded in his objective of punishing the marauding Germanic tribes. His actions caused a 500 year long battle with these tribes. <span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"> ·   9 AD Arminius who was a prince of a Germanic tribe (Cherusci), defeated three Roman legions in the Teutoburg Forest. He was considered the first German national hero. A memorial was built near Detmold in the years 1838-1875. (Roll)

=  Transportation and Weaponry   = <span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"> ·   The Germanics mostly traveled on horseback and ox driven carts. <span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"> ·   Skin tents and wood were used to make camps. <span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"> ·   Germanic warriors wore conic helmets. <span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"> ·   Round shields. <span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"> ·    Fought with double-bladed straight sword. <span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"> ·   Spears. <span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"> ·   Dagger and bow with arrows. =  Socio-Political Structures   = <span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"> ·   The Germanic people were headed by a chief who was elected for his ability as a war leader. <span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"> ·   The Germanic religion was polytheistic. <span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"> ·    Their society was a warrior aristocracy. <span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"> ·   Their societal structure was a mobile one. =  Art, Literature and Music   = <span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"> ·   Early 2nd century AD Germanic languages developed a runic alphabet of their own. <span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"> ·   The use of these alphabets was comparatively limited. <span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"> ·   East Germanic languages were written in the Gothic alphabet. <span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"> ·   Later, Christian priests and monks who spoke and read Latin in addition to their native Germanic tongue began writing the Germanic languages with slightly modified Latin letters. <span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"> ·   They made ceramics. =  Industrial and Artistic Technology   = <span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"> ·   They made clothing out of animal skins which were processed by using oak tannis. <span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"> ·   They made their pants out of inside out animal skins because it was good against the cold. <span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"> ·   The Germanic tribes processed iron to create round shields, double-bladed straight sword, spears, dagger and bow and arrows.

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